![]() Ironically, excluded individuals are more likely to experience incident disease events, making it harder to examine relationships between measured CRF and disease outcomes.Įxercise tests typically used in population studies are broadly classified as steady-state tests or ramped tests. ![]() ![]() Screening procedures are generally used to exclude high-risk individuals from CRF testing, causing selection bias. Alternative methods have been developed to indirectly measure VO 2max from heart rate (HR) response to incremental submaximal exercise tests 8. VO 2max is rarely directly measured in population studies due to cost and safety concerns. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max) is the gold-standard measure of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and a powerful predictor of all-cause and cause-specific mortality 1, 2, 3 and morbidity 4, 5, 6, 7. ![]()
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